Publications

Adams, C; McLinden, CA; Shephard, MW; Dickson, N; Dammers, E; Chen, J; Makar, P; Cady-Pereira, KE; Tam, N; Kharol, SK; Lamsal, LN; Krotkov, NA (2019). Satellite-derived emissions of carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nitrogen dioxide from the 2016 Horse River wildfire in the Fort McMurray area. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 19(4), 2577-2599.

Abstract
In May 2016, the Horse River wildfire led to the evacuation of similar to 88 000 people from Fort McMurray and surrounding areas and consumed similar to 590 000 ha of land in Northern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Within the plume, satellite instruments measured elevated values of CO, NH3, and NO2. CO was measured by two Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometers (IASI-A and IASI-B), NH3 by IASI-A, IASIB, land the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), and NO2 by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Daily emission rates were calculated from the satellite measurements using fire hotspot information from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and wind information from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis, combined with assumptions on lifetimes and the altitude range of the plume. Sensitivity tests were performed and it was found that uncertainties of emission estimates are more sensitive to the plume shape for CO and to the lifetime for NH3 and NOx. The satellite-derived emission rates were similar to 50-300 kt d(-1) for CO, similar to 1-7 kt d(-1) for NH3, and similar to 0.5-2 kt d(-1) for NOx (expressed as NO) during the most active fire periods. The daily satellite-derived emission estimates were found to correlate fairly well (R similar to 0.4-0.7) with daily output from the ECMWF Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) and the Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) FireWork models, with agreement within a factor of 2 for most comparisons. Emission ratios of NH3/CO, NOx/CO, and NOx/NH3 were calculated and compared against enhancement ratios of surface concentrations measured at permanent surface air monitoring stations and by the Alberta Environment and Parks Mobile Air Monitoring Laboratory (MAML). For NH3/CO, the satellite emission ratios of similar to 0.02 are within a factor of 2 of the model emission ratios and surface enhancement ratios. For NOx/CO satellite-measured emission ratios of similar to 0.01 are lower than the modelled emission ratios of 0.033 for GFAS and 0.014 for FireWork, but are larger than the surface enhancement ratios of similar to 0.003, which may have been affected by the short lifetime of NOx. Total emissions from the Horse River fire for May 2016 were calculated and compared against total annual anthropogenic emissions for the province of Alberta in 2016 from the ECCC Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory (APEI). Satellite-measured emissions of CO are similar to 1500 kt for the Horse River fire and exceed the total annual Alberta anthropogenic CO emissions of 992.6 kt for 2016. The satellite-measured emissions during the Horse River fire of similar to 30 kt of NH3 and similar to 7 kt of NOx (expressed as NO) are approximately 20% and 1% of the magnitude of total annual Alberta anthropogenic emissions, respectively.

DOI:
10.5194/acp-19-2577-2019

ISSN:
1680-7316